August 24, 2022

Owner of the longest standing CBI programme, St Kitts and Nevis, takes top spot at this year’s annual CBI Index

Basseterre, Aug. 24, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — The Caribbean nation of St Kitts and Nevis tops this year’s CBI Index rankings for offering one of the best citizenship by investment (CBI) programmes in the world.

St Kitts and Nevis was rated against 12 other countries with operational CBI programmes, which, in 2022, include Antigua and Barbuda, Austria, Cambodia, Dominica, Egypt, Grenada, Jordan, Malta, Montenegro, St Lucia, Turkey and Vanuatu.

The CBI Index, published by PWM Magazine, a publication from the Financial Times in collaboration with CS Global Partners, is a rating system designed to measure the performance and appeal of global CBI programmes across a diverse range of indicators and its purpose is to provide a rigorous and systematic mechanism for appraising programmes in order to facilitate the decision-making process for individuals considering them, and to bring value to the CBI industry

The primary methodological objective of the CBI Index is to isolate pillars that measure CBI programme features and jurisdictional desirability. The nine pillars that constitute this year’s CBI Index include: Freedom of Movement, Standard of Living, Minimum Investment Outlay, Mandatory Travel or Residence, Citizenship Timeline, Ease of Processing, Due Diligence, Family and, Certainty of Product.

The country received full marks – 10 out of 10 in the Mandatory Travel or Residence, Citizenship Timeline, Ease of Processing, Due Diligence, Family and Certainty of Product pillars.

The Mandatory Travel or Residence pillar examines the travel or residence conditions imposed on applicants both before and after the granting of citizenship.

St Kitts and Nevis, along with the rest of the Caribbean countries, does not have any travel or residency requirements for CBI applicants. This makes it easy for busy entrepreneurs to continue running their businesses and still be eligible to get their second citizenship while not having to fulfil any minimum stay requirements.

St Kitts and Nevis scored top marks for the Citizenship Timeline pillar – which looks at the average time taken for citizenship to be secured by the applicant – due to the Accelerated Application Process where for an additional fee, an applicant can obtain their citizenship within a maximum of 60 days instead of the standard processing time of approximately three months.

Ease of Processing measures the end-to-end complexity of the CBI application process. St Kitts and Nevis makes the process of obtaining citizenship easy and straightforward, the country has an official government website and a dedicated CBI unit. It has also done away with burdensome application requirements such as interviews, language, culture or history tests, proof of minimum business experience and evidence of the purchase of tangible or intangible assets.

The overall effortlessness of the application process is a particularly important component, and the promise of a smooth, hassle-free process can generate readiness to engage with a programme.

One of the areas where Caribbean nations really differentiate their programmes, is the area of due diligence. St Kitts and Nevis’ due diligence process is multi-faceted and is undertaken by the country’s CBI unit, law enforcement and external third-party due-diligence agencies from the UK and USA. This ensures that the process is stringent and comprehensive, applicants are required to provide either fingerprints or a biometric passport, police certificates from both an applicant’s country of residence as well as their country of citizenship and comprehensive supporting information in respect of an applicant’s source of funds.

The CBI Index recognises that the rise of increasingly complex family relationships is driving investors to seek programmes that allow for a more diverse range of family members to be included under a primary application. St Kitts and Nevis retains a perfect score for their family friendliness as, in addition to a main applicant, they allow the applicant’s spouse, children under 18 and over 18 in certain circumstances, siblings, parents and grandparents of both the main applicant or their spouse to be included in an application.

St Kitts and Nevis’ CBI programme is one of the oldest in the industry, having been established in 1984, it assures investors of a certainty of product. The CBI Index measures certainty across five different dimensions: longevity, popularity and renown, stability, reputation, and adaptability – aspects which St Kitts and Nevis’ programme can tick off confidently.

In the 2022 CBI Index, the Freedom of Movement pillar measures the relative strength of each country’s citizenship based on three equally weighted factors: the number of destinations to which a country’s passport allows travel without restriction, the number of prime business hubs to which it provides access, and the degree to which a given citizenship provides settlement rights in other nations. St Kitts and Nevis scored a seven out of 10 in this area as it offers visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 156 countries.

The Minimum Investment Outlay pillar measures one of the most practical and foremost considerations of CBI: how much capital is required for the investor to become an eligible applicant for the programme of their choosing.

St Kitts and Nevis offers one of the most affordable routes to alternative citizenship, and even though it ended its limited time offer of US$150,000 for a family of four at the end of December 2021, it did not impact its score, five out of 10, as the scores are based on minimum investments for a single applicant.

The St Kitts and Nevis CBI programme is a family-friendly route for those looking for a reputable and trusted programme that prioritises both applicants and its citizens – the stringent due diligence process upon application ensures that only honest hard-working families are approved. The citizenship can also be passed down to future generations, giving investors who want to leave a legacy, peace of mind.

Download the full CBI Index here, to get further insights into the CBI industry and a full evaluation of the CBI programmes of the 12 other jurisdictions in the rankings.

Attachment

St Kitts and Nevis Infographic

St Kitts and Nevis PR
Government of St. Kitts and Nevis
+27828215664
nandi.canning@csglobalpartners.com

August 24, 2022

TCM Lianhua Qingwen Launched in Liberia

SHIJIAZHUANG, China, Aug. 24, 2022 /PRNewswire/ — Last week, the Launching Ceremony of Lianhua Qingwen Capsules in Liberia was held in the Chinese Embassy to Liberia. The Chinese ambassador Ren Yisheng, Liberian Minister of Health Wilhemina Jallah, Defense Minister D. D. Ziankahn, Minister of State without Portfolio Trokon Kpui, senior Liberian and Chinese officials attended the event.

Ren Yisheng said that TCM is an original medical system that has been gradually formed and continuously enriched and developed by the Chinese nation in the thousands of years of production and daily life practice and the struggle against diseases, “More and more countries in the world and more and more people opt for, use and learn Chinese medicine”.

Ren congratulated the official launching of Lianhua Qingwen Capsules in Liberia, and introduced that in recent years, China’s “Belt and Road” initiative has been effectively aligned with Liberia’s “Pro-poor Agenda for Prosperity and Development”.

He emphasized that China will continue to strengthen exchanges and cooperation with Liberia in the fields of medical care and public health, actively explore cooperation in traditional medicine including herbal medicine and acupuncture, and vigorously carry out capacity building such as training, so as to contribute to strengthening Liberia’s response to the epidemic and health challenges, improving the people’s health and well-being.

Jallah expressed her appreciation to China’s long-term support for Liberia in the medical field and extended her congratulations to the launching of Lianhua Qingwen. “Today we are also celebrating the launching of a new medicine in Liberia……I want to say thank you for this official launching of this medicine is coming at a good time, because people are coughing, sneezing all the time and they have something to drink as a medicine to make them feel better”, Jallah said.

Kpui also delivered his congratulations. “I would like, on behalf of His Excellency, George Manneh Weah, the President of the Republic of Liberia, my colleagues here and the people of Liberia, to thank you and with open arms we are welcoming the new capsules to help us mitigate the challenges, the treatment for patients”, he told.

According to information available, Lianhua Qingwen has been approved in nearly 30 countries and regions including Canada, Kuwait, Thailand, and 8 African countries including Liberia, Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya.

August 24, 2022

Hantec Markets signs sponsorship agreement with Haas F1 Team through 2023 F1 season

STAVELOT, Belgium, Aug. 24, 2022 /PRNewswire/ — Hantec Markets has announced a new partnership to be the official online trading partner with Haas F1 Team before this weekend’s Belgian Grand Prix.

Hantec Markets operates a trading platform for CFDs, including margin trading across forex, bullion, indices, commodities and stocks. The multi-million pound contract runs through the 2023 F1 season.

Haas F1 Team currently holds seventh place in the Constructors’ Championship with 34 points.

Hantec Markets’ brand logo will adorn the Haas race car on the nose of the car, and include full branding in the Haas team garage. The Hantec logo will also be featured on the uniforms of Haas drivers Mick Schumacher and Kevin Magnussen.

Earlier this month, Hantec Markets unveiled a global rebrand campaign that included a new website (https://hmarkets.com/) and a renewed growth strategy to direct the next phase of its dynamic development. The Hantec team has introduced the #TimeToStrike hashtag to signify this time of growth at Hantec Markets.

“We’re delighted to welcome Hantec Markets and we look forward to a productive working partnership for the rest of the 2022 F1 season and beyond,” said Guenther Steiner, Haas’ team principal. “Hantec Markets provides innovation for people in emerging economic markets so that they are able to unlock their full financial potential. It’s similar to the type of collaboration that goes on in our garage. We want to provide our drivers with that type of innovation so that they can unlock the fastest car on the track.”

“Hantec Markets and Haas are both global brands that strive for speed and perfection in some of the most competitive environments,” said Nader Nurmohamed, Chief Operating Officer of Hantec Markets. “The integrity, passion and family feel of the Haas F1 Team has been the driving force behind their achievement and future goals. Hantec Markets shares this ethos and has embroidered the same in tailoring our services to our client’s needs. We strive to provide an unrivaled trading experience to our customers, with the same attention to detail and service that Guenther, and Haas brings to each race.”

About Hantec Markets
Hantec Markets offers leveraged trading on global currencies, bullion, equities and commodities, through the multi-asset MT4 and MT5 platforms. The firm’s 32 years of experience and unmatched expertise enables it to provide deep liquidity, bespoke client commission structures, customizable trading conditions and forward-thinking, adaptive innovation in an ever-changing marketplace. Hantec Markets is a subsidiary of the award-winning Hantec Group, and provides services across five different continents in seven jurisdictions. Regulated in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Hong Kong, Jordan and Mauritius and winner of the 2021 Global Forex Award for Most Transparent Forex Broker, it is Hantec’s mission to empower financial freedom, be a partner that clients can trust and create unparalleled opportunities to audiences across the world.

Photo – https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1884036/Haas_F1_Team_car_with_Hantec_Markets.jpg

August 24, 2022

Nikkiso Clean Energy & Industrial Gases Group Wins Multiple Hydrogen Fueling Station Contracts in California and South Korea

TEMECULA, Calif., Aug. 23, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Nikkiso Clean Energy & Industrial Gases Group (“CE&IG”), a part of the Nikkiso Co., Ltd (Japan) group of companies, is proud to be the recipient of multiple contracts to provide over a dozen Hydrogen Fueling Stations (“HFS”) to customers in California and South Korea. These stations, intended to be operational between Q4 2023 and Q2 2024, cover fueling stations for light-duty, heavy-duty, and transit fuel cell vehicles that need H35 and H70 dispensing.

“As an ambassador member of the California Fuel Cell Partnership (“CaFCP”) and core leader of cryogenic technology, Nikkiso is key in connecting the hydrogen ecosystem to advance the clean energy agenda,” said Peter Wagner, CEO of Nikkiso CE&IG.

“We are pleased to offer flexible and scalable commercial and technical offers where our customers need us the most: from equipment fabricator to turnkey EPC solutions,” said Joseph Pak, President of the Nikkiso Integrated Cryogenic Solutions.

The purchase orders have a combined value of almost US$60 million. Nikkiso has dedicated over 150,000 ft2 (14,000 m2) square feet of floor space to mass produce hydrogen fueling stations in Murrieta, CA, Escondido, CA, Busan, S. Korea, and Neuenbürg, Germany. Every station will be manufactured to comply with the local content requirements, including the Buy America Act for the US Hydrogen Hub market.

Starting with these hydrogen station projects, the Nikkiso Group aims to further expand their hydrogen-related business by strengthening their participation in the hydrogen supply chain and expanding into the global market.

About Nikkiso Clean Energy & Industrial Gases Group
Nikkiso’s CE&IG is part of the Nikkiso Co., Ltd group of companies. Nikkiso Co. is a $1.4B public company. CE&IG comprises five distinct functional units: Cryogenic Pumps (ACD, Nikkiso Cryo), Process Systems (Cosmodyne), Heat Exchanger Systems (Cryoquip), Cryogenic Services (through 20 global facilities) and Integrated Cryogenic Solutions (providing centralized management of products and project development). In 2020, CE&IG expanded its capabilities further with the acquisition of what was GP- Strategies’ Alternative Fuels Division. This addition provides yet another major manufacturing facility in Southern California. Acknowledged as a market leader in the design, engineering, manufacturing, construction and maintenance of Cryogenic infrastructure, this facility offers full in-house capabilities from engineering & permitting through manufacturing, construction, and maintenance.

For over 50 years, Nikkiso has been a leader in the Clean Energy industry and are leading the change to a healthier world. With our hydrogen fueling technology, Nikkiso has become a leader in the evolving hydrogen revolution, including a project on the world’s first LH2 bunkering facility. For more information visit www.NikkisoCEIG.com.

For more information, please visit www.nikkisoCEIG.com and www.nikkiso.com.

MEDIA CONTACT:
Anna Quigley
+1.951.383.3314
aquigley@cryoind.com

August 24, 2022

Le Rwanda accueille la 11e édition du Forum africain sur le peering et l’interconnexion (AfPIF)

Cet événement annuel sert de plateforme pour l’expansion et le développement de l’internet en Afrique

KIGALI, Rwanda, 23 août 2022 /PRNewswire/ — Le Rwanda accueille pour la première fois cette année le Forum africain sur le peering et l’interconnexion (AfPIF) à Kigali. Le forum est organisé par l’Internet Society (ISOC) et l’Association africaine des IXP (AFIX) en collaboration avec la Rwanda Internet Community and Technology Alliance (RICTA). L’événement, qui se déroule du 23 au 25 août à l’hôtel Marriott, a réuni des parties prenantes de tout le continent et du monde entier, notamment Meta, Google, Liquid Intelligent Technologies, Microsoft, Internet Initiative Japan Lab et Africa Data Centers, etc.

Cet événement annuel, qui en est à sa 11^e édition, sert de plateforme pour l’expansion et le développement de l’internet en Afrique. Il met en relation les fournisseurs d’infrastructures, de services et de contenus afin d’identifier les moyens d’améliorer l’interconnexion des réseaux, de réduire le coût de la connectivité et d’accroître la résilience de l’internet et l’expérience des utilisateurs locaux. Il fournit également aux participants des informations mondiales et régionales pour maximiser les opportunités qui aideront à développer l’infrastructure et les services Internet en Afrique.

L’AfPIF a été créé pour remédier au fait que la majeure partie du trafic Internet local en Afrique est échangée en dehors du continent. L’échange de trafic local par le biais de points d’échange Internet (IXP) réduit les coûts d’accès à l’Internet et les retards sur le réseau et augmente les vitesses d’accès au contenu.

Les points d’échange Internet sont des infrastructures techniques qui permettent de vivre une expérience Internet plus rapide, moins coûteuse et plus fiable en connectant plusieurs réseaux des secteurs privé, public et éducatif pour échanger du trafic Internet. Au lieu d’utiliser des voies de transit internationales coûteuses, le trafic internet est échangé localement et les vitesses d’accès au contenu peuvent ainsi être multipliées par dix.

L’AfPIF de cette année se concentre sur les dynamiques de l’interconnexion d’Internet, la diffusion de contenus et les obstacles au transit tant au niveau local qu’au niveau régional. Le forum de Kigali marque un retour aux rencontres en présentiel, qui avaient été reportées depuis 2020 du fait de la pandémie mondiale de COVID-19.

Citations :

Le secrétaire permanent du ministère des TIC et de l’Innovation du Rwanda, M. Yves Iradukunda a déclaré : « L’accès à l’Internet à haut débit et son utilisation ont un impact profond sur l’amélioration de la prestation de services dans tous les secteurs de notre économie. Aujourd’hui, l’utilisation d’Internet permet d’obtenir de meilleurs résultats en matière d’apprentissage, de soins de santé, de gestion de nos ressources énergétiques et de participation des citoyens à l’action gouvernementale.

Nous sommes donc très heureux d’accueillir cette année le Forum africain sur le peering et l’interconnexion, une rencontre qui permettra de discuter de l’amélioration de l’interconnexion des réseaux au niveau local et dans la région. »

Michuki Mwangi, technologue émérite chez Internet Society a déclaré : « Nous avons fait des progrès remarquables dans la mise en place de nouveaux points d’échange Internet (IXP) tout en soutenant la croissance des points existants. Cependant, nous n’avons pas encore réalisé pleinement l’impact de l’échange du trafic Internet aux 49 IXP répartis dans 35 pays d’Afrique. Pour y parvenir, nous tirons les leçons du rapport intitulé « Moving Toward an Interconnected Africa: The 80/20 Initiative » et mettons l’accent sur l’augmentation du nombre de réseaux locaux, transfrontaliers et internationaux qui se connectent aux IXP. Nous pensons que cela est possible grâce à une collaboration accrue entre les fournisseurs de services Internet, les opérateurs de réseaux mobiles, les fournisseurs de contenu, les réseaux de grandes entreprises et les décideurs.https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/2021/moving-toward-an-interconnected-africa-the-80-20-initiative/ »

Grace Ingabire Mwikarago, directrice générale de la RICTA, a déclaré : « Nous sommes honorés d’accueillir cette conférence unique. L’importance des IXP pour contribuer au développement socio-économique global de l’Afrique ne peut être surestimée, en particulier dans des situations critiques telles que la pandémie de COVID-19. Les IXP permettent l’apprentissage en ligne et le travail à distance dans de telles circonstances. Le courrier électronique, la vidéoconférence, la communication mobile et la messagerie rendent également l’éloignement social plus supportable, dans la mesure où ils aident les gens à s’adapter à la nouvelle donne. Sans ces technologies, des milliers d’entreprises ne seraient pas opérationnelles. »

Kyle Spencer, co-coordinateur de l’Association africaine des IXP, a déclaré : « Le Rwanda est un petit pays enclavé qui a favorisé son développement économique et son indépendance régionale grâce à la combinaison d’une politique de télécommunications progressive et d’un climat des affaires favorable aux investissements. En tant que passerelle clé entre l’Afrique de l’Est et l’Afrique centrale, le Rwanda est un lieu idéal pour discuter des défis et des opportunités que présente notre région. »

Ben Roberts, directeur de la technologie et de l’innovation chez Liquid Intelligent Technologies, a déclaré : « Le peering et les échanges Internet et d’infrastructures numériques sont au cœur de la transformation numérique accélérée observée en Afrique. Il est donc essentiel que les membres de la communauté Internet se retrouvent en présentiel pour évaluer les progrès réalisés et le chemin qui reste à parcourir. Liquid Intelligent Technologies est un acteur majeur de l’industrie des TMT, et est fière d’être le sponsor platine de l’AfPIF 2022. »

À propos de l’Internet Society

Fondée par des pionniers de l’Internet, l’Internet Society est une organisation à but non lucratif dont la mission est de garantir un développement, une évolution et une utilisation ouverts de l’Internet. Travaillant par le biais d’une communauté mondiale de chapitres et de membres, l’Internet Society collabore avec un large éventail de groupes pour promouvoir les technologies qui garantissent la sécurité de l’Internet et plaide en faveur de la mise en place de politiques qui permettent un accès universel. L’Internet Society est également le siège organisationnel de l’Internet Engineering Task Force.

À propos de l’AF-IX

L’Association africaine des IXP est un groupe d’opérateurs de points d’échange Internet (IXP) issus de toute l’Afrique, unis par un besoin commun de coordination et d’échange de connaissances. L’Association vise à créer un environnement favorable pour les opérateurs IXP, à améliorer la connectivité sur le continent et à accroître la valeur de l’Internet pour tous. Fondée en 2012, l’AFIX a rejoint la Fédération Internet eXchange (IX-F) en 2014 et organise désormais le forum annuel africain du peering et l’interconnexion (AfPIF).

À propos de la RICTA

La RICTA est une organisation à but non lucratif qui représente les intérêts de la communauté Internet rwandaise. Elle a été créée en 2005 dans le but de gérer le domaine national de premier niveau .rw et le point d’échange Internet du Rwanda, ainsi que de promouvoir la localisation du contenu local. La position impartiale de RICTA lui permet d’améliorer et de promouvoir l’utilisation de l’Internet au Rwanda.

Logo – https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1656167/Internet_Society.jpg

August 24, 2022

Press release by the Central Council of Eritreans in Germany

The Event Committee of the Central Council of Eritreans in Germany e.V., under the auspices of the Consulate of Eritrea in Frankfurt, is the organiser of the concert event on 20.08.2022 in the Giessen Exhibition Halls. There is a rental agreement for this event with Messe Gießen GmbH, An der Hessenhalle 11, 35398 Gießen.

A clarification in advance: In recent days, this concert event has often been communicated in the German press as the “Eritrea Festival”, which has been held at the same venue for many years. However, this classification is wrong. The traditional Eritrea Festival already took place this year on 9 and 10 July at the same location without any incidents. Unlike in previous years, there was no organised or registered counter-event this time.

The organiser of the concert was asked to hire security forces on 20.08.2022, which was fulfilled.

On Friday, 18.08.2022, the 8th chamber of the Gießen Administrative Court rejected an application for a ban by 7 different associations in the run-up to the concert in proceedings for interim legal protection.

A demonstration against the concert planned for the evening was then registered for 20.08.2022. This event was also approved by the authorities.

While numerous helpers of the concert event were still busy with the preparations for the concert, the situation of the counter-event escalated massively. A motley group of violent hooligans overcame the security barriers in front of the Hessenhallen and attacked the helpers on the exhibition grounds with stones, iron bars, sticks and also knives.

Another contingent of the hooligans mingled with the innocent concert-goers and attacked them as well. This action was obviously coordinated with the first batch of disrupters.

At that time, however, only a few police officers were on the scene, which enabled the perpetrators of violence to have their way and perpetrate their violent agenda.

The police then informed the organisers that the planned concert was prohibited, especially as there were not enough police officers on site to guarantee the safety of the participants. According to reports, additional police from Wiesbaden, Frankfurt am Main, Kassel, Fulda and Darmstadt as well as officers of the Hessian riot police had already been called in to quickly restore security and order. We are deeply disappointed by this decision. Ensuring the safety of the participants would have been better served by allowing these hundreds of participants to enter the hall and continue with the concert event, instead of forcing them to spend the night on the street with little or no protection. The decision of the police violated the decision of the above-mentioned court and angered the participants who had travelled from all over Germany to attend the event. On the contrary, they not only violated the dignity of the German-Eritrean citizens with this, but also did not provide enough protection for them.

Numerous people were injured, some of them seriously, as well as concert-goers and a policewoman. This is evidenced by numerous photos and video recordings on social networks, which are currently being collected and evaluated. On the other hand, there was no violence on the part of concert-goers or organisers. They were all defenceless against the attacks. We condemn this cowardly act in the strongest possible terms.

The organiser disapproves of any use of violence and defamation. It calls on injured parties and witnesses to file criminal charges and to support the police in their investigations.

The Event Committee and its partners will take urgent and appropriate legal measures and lodge criminal and civil lawsuits against the perpetrators of violence and those behind them.

Source: Dehai Eritrea Online

August 24, 2022

The Essence of Stone Monuments in Eritrea´s Antiquity

The comprehension of social relations through the window of monumentality features one of the key aspects of archaeological studies. The presence of monumental features and particularly monumental tombs and ceremonial structures in the landscape help archaeologists understand the organization of social landscapes in archaeology. These studies provide insight into subsistence, domestic economy, and mobility. Monumental structures also appear to lend themselves more readily to discussions about social relations, as spaces of social inclusion and exclusion, large-scale exchanges of concentrating resources, or containers of social markers.

The northern Horn of Africa is a juncture of major crossroads in antiquity where a cultural history without a hiatus delimits the dynamism of the past in the region. The geographical scope constitutes the Eritreo-Sudanese lowlands in the north and west, the Denakil Depression to the east, the Red Sea to the northeast, and the Eritrean highlands, as well as the adjacent plains delimited by the Tekezze River. The inclusion of these ecozones in the nexus of major trade routes in the late prehistory of the region is evinced by imprints of the development of early complex societies in the environmental mosaic.

Bringing the discussions of monumentality to the Eritrean context, this article will provide a synopsis of mega-stone structures distributed over much of the western lowlands and Denakil Depression of Eritrea and link them to similar evidence in the northern Horn and the adjacent Arabian Peninsula. The western lowlands of Eritrea and the Denakil Depression are known to have a long human history. When traveling through the lowlands, these regions do not appear to be very promising for the study of prehistoric archaeology. On closer examination, however, even the untrained eye can see numerous scatters of burial tumuli and other evidence of human occupation. The emergence of regional ceremonial centers with mega-stone alignments as well as stone circles, thus, becomes important to understanding patterns of population dynamism in our region.

The documented megalithic sites in Eritrea and their possible contemporaries elsewhere in the Horn of Africa and in Tihâma demonstrate that the stone monuments and tumuli had a funerary and symbolic function. The major intent of the evolution of the structures and associated cultural manifestations is the act of remembrance of the deceased imparted by the representation of the space as a sacred entity. It is that a certain level of social complexity had to have existed in order for there to have been a need to remember and venerate certain individuals in a certain way. The creation of monuments and proper graves/ symbolic centers is, in essence, a “construction of ancestor hood” still shared in contemporary societies of western lowlands and the Denakil Depression. This trend further reflects an increased organization in society and induces memory, which in turn ties humans to a space and to land.

Territoriality is established by leaving a mark in the form of a monument and spatial delimitation ties a society symbolically through the representation of ancestorhood in a binding communal identity.

Identification of villages and territorial lands to the makers of the mega-stone elements and the presumed genealogical progeny of contemporary societies in western lowlands and Danakil during the Depression elucidates the phenomenon. These monumental stones have never strayed far from their primary resting places, not only because they are difficult to move but also because the presence of the stone in that particular place renders both the size of the stone and its context evocative. In either instance, the erection of stone monuments and particularly at such a distance from their origin remains a source of inquest and appreciation among the populations that directly superseded the megalith builders. Thus, megalithic elements in the northern Horn of Africa, and the Denakil Depression as well as western lowlands of Eritrea, as a matter of fact, demonstrate recreation of the landscape across generations, by engraving it into the memory of the population of the region.

A number of hypotheses can be drawn to surmise the genesis of megalithic elements revolving around territorial affirmation including space marking as well as control and manifestations of increasingly organized societies and denser demographies.

The climatic changes in the northern Horn of Africa most likely followed the general trend of moist and dry fluctuations known from northern Africa during the Holocene. The available evidence suggests that modern climatic and rainfall conditions were established by the second millennium BCE. A minor humid pulse occurred between 500 BCE and 500 CE. The evolution of cultures from late prehistory has been clearly demonstrated in the culture-history, and megalithic elements can be understood in line with social complexity that emerged with the inhabiting of the Eritreo-Sudanese borderland by the Gash pastoral groups in the Western lowlands during the late third millennium B.C. Subsistence patterns of pastoral economies, as well as agricultural production, emerged with the migration of these groups to the region and evidence from Agordat attests to a natural habitat of Sorghum, a cultigen domesticated by these groups, which is used till present in the region.

Rock art sites of humped and humpless cattle displaying different styles, indeed, support the pastoral economy by the late third millennium B.C. The affinities of Agordat sites to sites along the Nile also need to be understood at the regional level as evidence from burial sites in the Nile provides evidence to elaborate burial practices that set the ground to formulate hypotheses and investigate the tumuli structures in western lowlands in a regional scale. The presence of numerous tumuli in the western lowlands indicates a population complexity and large burial mounds not only attest to densities but also evolution and elaboration of burial patterns. Circular structures interpreted as markings of pastoral routes are indicative of the relationship of subsistence to the landscape and symbolically connote social organization in the pastoral economic niche. Similarly, indications of a material culture dominated by obsidian and linking settlements in the Denakil Depression to the Arabian Tihama and later to the Eritreo-Sudanese borderland evince settlement complexity which can be understood not only in terms of interregional trade but also by the monumentality of the landscape.

In summary, the nature of megalithic elements in the western lowlands of Eritrea and the Denakil Depression needs to be understood in light of available regional data amid a lack of direct chronologies from the burial sites. Reference to sites in Eritreo-Sudanese lowlands and the Arabian Tihama necessitate the association of dating sites in western lowlands and trade materials from the Denakil Depression in an attempt to draw parallels.

It should be noted here that megalithic elements can only be understood in line with a complex array of developments in the Holocene including climatic changes, rise of pastoral subsistence, agricultural production as well social complexities of inter-regional exchange involving physiographic niches in the northern Horn of Africa and neighboring Arabian Tihama. The megalithic structures and elements in Eritrea are at present defined in what can be said a rudimentary position, and relative to regional contexts. Standing in arid and savannah fringes of the northern Horn of Africa, as reminiscent of the region`s past and lying at geographic as well as cultural interfaces, both hybrids of the elements from western lowlands and the Denakil Depression, are composed of elements pertaining to the different ecological zones bordering them, the Eritreo- Sudanese borderland and Arabian Tihama respectively.

Source: Ministry of Information Eritrea